Every year the American people set aside a day to remember those who fought and died serving their country. Memorial Day weekend is filled with special events commemorating America’s finest. The cemeteries are full. The American flags are parading down streets. The neighborhoods are filled with the scent of delicious barbecue. With the passing of this tributary holiday, many questions have been raised as to how the government is trying to lower the death rate amongst our troops, especially among retired soldiers, and resolve the issue of PTSD.
Due to the horrific events these men and women witness in war, they develop disorders such as PTSD, which can ultimately lead to suicide. In fact, according to a report given by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in 2012, an estimated 22 veterans commit suicide in America every day. Though VA researchers would conclude that the overall average of suicides for veterans in America has declined over the past few years, a number of concerns have been raised on how the government is assisting those who have served its country. The Government provides FDA approved medications to treat veterans who are struggling with PTSD and are then sending them to rehab centers once they have developed addictions. The worst part about these medications is that they have been proven to raise suicidal tendencies.
How War Affects Returning Soldiers
The biggest contributor to veteran suicides stem from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD]. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, PTSD is a type of disorder that can occur after an individual experiences a traumatic episode. In regards to veterans, after witnessing the violence of war, they are unable to live out their lives due to the events they have seen in combat. After soldiers return from war, they are usually sent to rehab centers that specialize in PTSD recovery. Within these centers, there are many methods that are used to treat the disorder.
One of the leading approaches to recovery is through prescribed medication. The Department of Veterans Affairs claims to use Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors [SSRI] such as Sertraline [Zoloft] and Paroxetine [Paxil]. These drugs are meant to inhibit Serotonin neurotransmitters from leaving their respective spots which, in turn, can change the moods of those struggling with PTSD by making them “happy”. Ever since the 1980’s, these medications have been one of the main sources of recovery for PTSD patients, especially among veterans. However, recent studies have argued that SSRI can lead to many problems including drug dependency and suicidal tendencies.
PTSD and AntiDepressants
A major concern revolving around antidepressants is that many veterans become dependent on the medication and never truly recover from their disorder. When asked about the duration of SSRI treatments, VA National Center for PTSD Psychiatrist Matthew J. Freidman, PhD said, “If a person has had a good response to medication, the likelihood is that he or she is going to need to be on that medication indefinitely… I’ll reduce the dose gradually, and if we can get away with it, I’m more than happy to stop the medication. But more often than not, people need to stay on their medication indefinitely.” The reason why PTSD patients must stay on their medication indefinitely is because the symptoms of PTSD are always reoccurring. In other words, the medication will only inhibit serotonin for a time, but will eventually succumb to re-releasing those neurotransmitters.
As a result of the prescribed dependencies, veterans must continue to stay on medication for the rest of their lives. Though antidepressants have not been considered by scientists to be addictive, a recent study done by a research unit at Nordic Cochrane Centre has found that withdrawals, also known as SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome, can take place if a patient is taken off the medication. The symptoms include insomnia, nausea and/or “electrical shocks” in the head. The Nordic Cochrane Centre claims that SSRIs have the same capacity as other anti-depressants to alter brain chemistry. Once the medication is taken away from a patient, the side effects [or withdrawals] begin to ensue. This is due to “brain conditioning” caused by the SSRI.
According to the head author of the research unit Margrethe Nielsen, PhD, “people get ill when they stop taking the medicine”; therefore, the medication should be considered as an addictive drug. When a patient takes SSRI medication, the drug affects the central nervous system. This is vital in understanding why antidepressants are addictive according to Margrethe Nielsen. The reason behind labeling a medication as “addictive” is that they affect the brain in dramatic ways, hence the withdrawals. Therefore SSRI medication, according to the Nordic research unit, must be labeled as an addictive drug because of its effect on the brain.
The most harmful of these effects are the suicidal thoughts that can occur while on the medication. In fact, according to Harvard Health, after a clinical study done for adolescents under the age of 18, SSRI drugs raised the risk of suicidal thoughts when compared to a placebo. The statistics showed that all antidepressants doubled the risk of suicidal thinking in both adolescents and adults. This was a much debated topic for a long time, and was overlooked by the FDA for many years. Nonetheless, in October of 2004, the FDA issued a Black Box warning which required that all pharmacists and physicians label all antidepressants as high risk for suicidal thoughts, hostility and agitation in adolescents and adults.
Alternative Remedies for PTSD
Though many skeptics are afraid SSRIs are not fit to be one of the main options the government provides for veterans, the U.S. government is finding more effective ways to help vets struggling with PTSD. Some of these options include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT] and Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing [EMDR]. These alternatives have yielded positive results according to statistics given by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
CPT is becoming the most prominent in veteran rehabilitation. Many rehab centers are using it as a logical alternative for helping veterans face their PTSD without the use of outside sources such as SSRI. “In CPT, we’re not changing the details of what happened we’re changing the things that you’re telling yourself that are increasing your PTSD symptoms.” says psychologist and assistant professor at the University of Missouri, Tara Galovski PhD. “If you start telling your mind more accurate things, then all of a sudden the tunnel starts to open up a little bit. And once you’ve started thinking in this way, you don’t stop. Your mind opens up to different possibilities. The relief is just inevitable. It’s not a magic bullet. It’s just logic.”
The effects of Psychotherapy have shown great results and are becoming the leading treatment amongst veterans. Even Dr. Matthew Friedman says “That’s the big difference between therapy and medication; with medication you need to be on it indefinitely for the most part, whereas for psychotherapy, you typically need 10–12 sessions and maybe a ‘booster’ now and then. You don’t need much more. So for a patient that doesn’t want to be on medication indefinitely, which can be another motivation for them to go into psychotherapy.”
Other natural alternatives that the government is looking into include medicinal marijuana, acupuncture, Yoga, and herbal supplements. The U.S. veterans are pressing towards the use of these eastern medicines, especially the legalization of medicinal marijuana, which include groups such as Veterans for Medicinal Marijuana [VMCA]. According to research conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, marijuana contains chemicals that resemble those that the brain makes naturally. The main ingredient is called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]. The THC attaches itself to proteins called cannabinoid receptors [CBR] which naturally bind to the body’s chemicals [such as anandamide]. The CBR then becomes a part of the communication system within the brain called the endocannabinoid system [ECS] which plays a role in brain development and function. The CBR then attaches itself to areas of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thinking, concentration, movement, coordination, and sensory and time perception.
This, according to researchers, can help veterans cope with the effects of PTSD by enhancing the cannabinoid system to create memory extinction. Israeli scientist Raphael Mechoulam, Ph.D. states that the cannabinoid system is directly linked to memory extinction [which is the healthy process of removing associations with the stimuli]. This will allow for veterans to healthily remove those memories that are causing them distress. “Mostly the use of cannabis and THC to treat PTSD in humans appears to provide symptomological relief at best.” Says Dr. Mechoulam, “In and of itself, there is nothing wrong with symptomological relief. That’s what taking aspirin for a headache, a diuretic for high blood pressure, opiates to control severe pain, or olanzapine for rapid-cycling mania is all about.”
However, the problem that arises with medicinal marijuana is that it is not FDA approved. The National Institute of Health [NIH] states that there have not been enough clinical studies to approve of the substance. There is also a risk of other compounds [around 400] within the marijuana that can be harmful if biologically active. It also can have health effects on patients. The side-effects consist of respiratory symptoms [bronchitis, chronic cough], impairing of short-term memory and motor skills, reaction time, alter moods, judgment and decision making. It can also cause [in some cases] severe anxiety and/or psychosis. Lastly, it can be addictive. The NIH has found that 4.5 million Americans meet the clinical criteria for marijuana abuse or dependency.
In an address given by President Barack Obama, he says “we know that for too long, we’ve fallen short of meeting that commitment. Too many wounded warriors go without the care that they need. Too many veterans don’t receive the support that they’ve earned.” Though the use of SSRI is still prominent in veteran rehab centers, many scientists are dedicating their research to provide safe and natural ways to treat PTSD, such as CBT, EMDR, medicinal marijuana and other eastern medicines. The U.S. government is striving to find new avenues that will accommodate and help veterans recoup from their disorders. The government, according to President Obama, is striving to improve all issues that American veterans are facing today. “For their service and sacrifice, warm words of thanks from a grateful nation are more than warranted, but they aren’t nearly enough.” Says President Obama, “We also owe our veterans the care they were promised and the benefits that they have earned. We have a sacred trust with those who wear the uniform of the United States of America.”
